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Durian King

by Kenneth Lyen

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INTRODUCTION

I originally wanted to write about the way that the durian has influenced our tastes, lifestyle, art and culture. As I explored the numerous branches of this subject, I discovered that the durian is quite a hard nut to crack open fully. An academic can devote a lifetime studying all its myriad ramifications, but I am not an academic. The durian has permeated  into many aspects of Southeast Asian culture and folklore, sprouting a few myths around it. Durians have wormed their way into many foods, influenced art, fashion, and perhaps even architecture. They have even infected some minds into thinking there are medical benefits, and here I step into the murky waters of alternative medicine.

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The subject matter encourages attention deficit plus hyperactivity, and so I got distracted by its innumerable manifestations. How deep should I write, realizing that readers will be easily bored. How academic should I write, once again realizing readers will be easily disinterested. Some of you might pucker your nose to the odor of my writing, but perhaps the rest of you might acculturate to my pungent writing style. Never mind, I shall distract everyone by overloading the piece with too many photographs, so that readers will not bother to read the text.

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WHAT IS DURIAN?

The durian is affectionately designated the “king of fruits”.  It belongs to the genus Durio, and there are 30 species, of which 9 of them produce edible fruits. Durians are native to Borneo and Sumatra, and there are over 100 varieties in Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia.

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After planting the durian tree, they flower after 4 to 5 years, and bear fruits once or twice a year depending on the species. The fruits are oblong to round, and have a distinctive hard shell with iconic spikes. They can measure up to 30 cm long and 15 cm in diameter, but occasionally they can be incredibly big. The husk is usually between green to brown in colour.

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Durians have a soft flesh with a large seed inside. I have always assumed that the fruit is yellow in colour, but when I researched the topic, I discovered that Sabah has durians that can be red. The fruits are best known for their taste and smell. Either you love the pungent odour or you do not. There does not seem to be a neutral position.

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Durian lovers wait for the months when the season enjoys the choicest taste. The best months are between June to September, with a secondary season between December to February. During these months, numerous fruit stalls pop up everywhere.

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To save you the drudgery of plunging a sharp knife into the hard exterior shell, and using brute force to pry the hull apart, supermarkets sell the fruits in Styrofoam boxes.

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Over the decades, there has built up a number of myths and folklores about durians, many of which are at best mildly correct, at worst blatantly fake. I must confess that much of the information or misinformation here is obtained from scouring the internet, but I have temporarily put aside my usual skeptical critical thinking.

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MEDICAL BENEFITS OF DURIANS?

People have taken durians orally for medical purposes, such as lowering fever, reducing swelling, lowering high blood pressure, treating jaundicemalariaparasites, and even to increase sexual desire. Durian paste can be applied to the skin to treat skin diseases and reduce swelling. Scientific evidence to back up any of these claims can be exceedingly paltry.

 

1. A good source of energy:

The average 1 kg sized durian contains on average 25 seeds, each seed containing about 54 calories, so that the whole durian as close to 1,350 calories. If your daily recommended calorie intake is about 2,000 to 2,500 kilocalories, then eating one entire durian can reach 54 to 68 percent of your daily intake.

2. Has anti-depressant activities:

The whole durian has about 0.8 mg of vitamin B6, which is about 50% of the daily recommended amount. It is argued that vitamin B6 is required for the synthesis of serotonin, which has antidepressant activities. The potassium content of durians is also quite high, and this might reduce mental stress and anxiety. The reasoning seems plausible, but I cannot find any scientific data to back up these claims.

 

3. Promotes healthy bones and teeth:

Durian is a good source of calcium, magnesium, potassium, manganese, and copper, all of which play an essential role in bone and teeth development and strength. The potassium enhances nutrient uptake by cells, and assists in improving bone health. It is postulated that durians might prevent osteoporosis where bones become weak and brittle.

 

4. Aids in delaying aging:

There is a folklore claim that durian can battle aging. This may be due in part to the abundant amount of vitamin C which has antioxidant properties that helps keep the oxidative stress provoked by free radicals at bay. Lowering oxidative stress levels can slow down the aging process. The rich potassium in durians keeps the blood pressure under control and thereby reduces a cardiovascular cause of dementia (memory loss). It is claimed that durians can reduce or delay the appearance of as wrinkles, age spots, hair loss, macular degeneration of the eyes, and heart diseases. In other words, durians can make you look and feel younger.

 

5. Enhances a healthy digestive system:

Durian contains quite a lot of dietary fiber, which helps to increase the bulk of the intestinal contents and thereby assist in the peristaltic bowel movement. This reduces constipation and other intestinal problems like excessive burping and farting and indigestion.

 

6. Maintaining good blood sugar levels:

Manganese is an important mineral involved in blood sugar regulation, and durians have desired amounts. This will help diabetics lower their blood glucose.

 

7. Maintaining normal blood pressure levels:

There is a study that shows durians can help maintain a lower blood pressure and heart rate. This is believed to be due to the rich source of potassium it possesses. The lowered blood pressure can contribute to reducing the risk of heart attacks and strokes, as well as contributing towards the prevention of cardiovascular dementia.

 

8. Beneficial for anaemic patients:

The durian contains iron and copper which help in haemoglobin synthesis. It also has high levels of folic acid which is integral to the production of red blood cells. An adequate amount of haemoglobin will reduce fatigue, anxiety, migraine and prevent cognitive malfunction.

 

9. Enhances one's libido:

Cyberjaya University College of Medical Sciences Malaysia has conducted a research project showing that durians can intensify sexual libido and stamina. It can also increase sperm motility in men. Some claim that durians possess aphrodisiac properties. I'm not sure how one can test this hypothesis scientifically.

ADVERSE EFFECTS OF DURIANS

 

Side Effects & Safety of Durians:

The high caloric and sugar content means that if durians are consumed in excessive amounts, it can lead to obesity or exacerbate diabetes. Some experience stomach discomfort, diarrhea or vomiting.

 

The safety of durian consumption during pregnancy or breast-feeding remains uncertain, and some doctors recommend avoidance.

DURIAN MYTHS DEBUNKED

 

1. Durian is loaded with cholesterol

Not true. Durians have zero cholesterol. Cholesterol is found in animal foods such as red meats, seafood and dairy products. It is not found in plants. Durians have monounsaturated fats which help reduce low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and hence reduce the risk of high blood pressure, heart attacks and strokes.

 

2. Mangosteen must be eaten with durian to reduce heatiness

The Chinese believe that durians are heaty. Hence to counteract this, a cooling fruit, such as mangosteen should be taken. However, the concept of heatiness or cooling, is not based on any objective scientific research.

 

3. Eating durian and drinking beer at the same time may kill you

There is no scientific evidence to demonstrate any adverse interaction between durians and alcohol. However, it is possible that the liver has to do double duty because it has to metabolize both fats and sugars found in durians and alcohol. Even without eating durians, consuming excessive amounts of alcohol over a period of time can lead to liver cirrhosis.

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DURIANS AND FOOD

I remember eating durian ice cream in my youth, but when I searched the internet for an exact date for its introduction into planet earth, I was met with deadpan silence. Many have described the conjugation of durians and ice cream as a marriage made in heaven. That assumes you enjoy both ingredients.

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Since then, durians have infiltrated into innumerable foods ranging from cakes to pizzas. There are also durian soups and drinks. The list keeps on expanding.

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THE ESPLANADE DURIAN

The Esplanade’s two theatres on the bay were opened in 2002. The winning proposal was originally meant to depict a lantern, but the design evolved to resemble two loaves of bread, two marshmallows, and eventually to look like the durian fruit. The spikes were designed to keep the heat out while simultaneously allowing light to enter the foyer spaces of the concert and theatre halls.

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My friends and colleagues’ initial reactions to the architecture were unfavourable. Some said that the theatres looked like the fly’s compound eyes, but soon the word “Durian” was hurled at these buildings. Durian was meant as a derogatory term combining both the visual barbs as well as the olfactory stench. In time, the Esplanade Durian became affectionately embraced and is now a distinctive landmark of Singapore.

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THE DURIAN FIVE CENT COIN AND COMMEMORATIVE STAMPS

The Durian is further validated by its depiction on the five cent coin as well as commemorative stamps.

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DURIAN STATUES

A giant statue of the durian can be found inside Singapore airport, where travelers love to have their photos taken. Outside Davao international airport of the Philippines is found an even larger durian monument carved by Kubtai Millan. There is also a giant durian statue in Kampot Campodia located at the durian (where else?) roundabout.

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DURIAN FASHION

Not to be left out, durians have been incorporated into fashion designs for dresses, pants, slippers and shoes. The fashions seem to be a bit bizarre, and they elicit strong opinions. But then isn’t this the norm for the fashion world?

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NO DURIANS ALLOWED!

The stench of durians has led several countries including Singapore. Malaysia, Thailand, Japan and Hong Kong to ban them from some hotels and public places, public buses, underground trains (Singapore’s Mass Rapid Transit), and most airplanes.

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DURIAN EXERCISE BALLS

Durian exercise balls are used for aerobic exercises and rehabilitation. Made of high quality tough materials, these balls improves one’s sense of balance, coordination and efficiency in workout. They can be used for both children as well as adults.

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DURIAN PUBLICATIONS

There are surprisingly few books on durians, a smattering of poems and songs, and only a handful of movies using the title of durian. Hopefully more books, poems, songs, and movies will be produced or published in the future.

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DURIAN PAINTINGS

It is not unexpected that a fruit unique to Southeast Asia is regarded by the region’s artists to belong to them. A growing number of Southeast Asian artists are depicting the durian in their repertoire to demonstrate that they belong to this region.

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CONCLUSIONS

Let us pay our respects to royalty. The king of fruits has given us that extra bit of “atas” (sophistication or elegance) in our lives. It has widened our tastes, both gustatory as well as artistic. It has enriched our culture, improved our health, and I believe it has even pricked us into creative thinking.

If you have a craving, please go out and buy yourself some durians and indulge!

Written by Kenneth Lyen

7 April 2019, updated 19 Aug 2019

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REFERENCES

  1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6137565/

  2. https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/09422

  3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25172686

  4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17567034

  5. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10942912.2015.1083577

  6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4956795/

  7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26778225

  8. http://idosi.org/mejsr/mejsr6%285%29/8.pdf

  9. http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fruits-and-fruit-juices/2088/2

  10. https://bookstore.usip.org/books/BookDetail.aspx?productID=237597

  11. http://www.nutrition-and-you.com/durian-fruit.html

  12. http://www.philippines.hvu.nl/durianfruit.htm

  13. https://www.organicfacts.net/health-benefits/fruit/health-benefits-of-durian.html

  14. http://www.untamedscience.com/biodiversity/durio-kutejensis

  15. http://www.bashanfoundation.com/shela/shelalivers.pdf Positive effects of durian fruit at different stages of ripening on the hearts and livers of rats fed diets high in cholesterol, August 12, 2011

  16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20423853 Cough-relieving, analgesic and antibiotic effects of durian shell extracts: a study in mice, April 2010

  17. http://spiritfoods.net/health-benefits-of-durians Durians: Smelly Fruits with Hearts of Gold, February 19, 2014

  18. http://www.weirduniverse.net/blog/comments/what_makes_durian_stinky What Makes Durian Stinky? December 2, 2012

  19. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf303881k Characterization of the Major Odor-Active Compounds in Thai Durian (Durio zibethinus L. ‘Monthong’) by Aroma Extract Dilution Analysis and Headspace Gas Chromatography–Olfactometry, October 23, 2012

  20. https://www.star2.com/health/2019/09/10/eating-durian-healthy-or-not/

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